Britain since 1930: a brief history
Overview
Victorian Britain was radically altered by the continuing Industrial Revolution, changing from an rural agricultural society to an urban industrial one.
Similarly, post-1930s Britain has been transformed by a technological revolution ranging from the atom bomb and space travel to the internet, laptop computers, DVDs and mobile phones. Communications technology in its various forms has permeated every aspect of life in Britain. The past 75 years have seen Britain change from a predominantly manufacturing to a service economy: mining and factory production have been overtaken by the financial, entertainment and catering industries. In the late 1940s there were one million miners in Britain; by the 1990s there were more actors (and more workers in Indian restaurants) than miners, and Britain had become a wealthy consumer society.
Major themes
The full establishment of the welfare state This ensured that all inhabitants of Britain were entitled to free health care, education and social care. The result has been improved health and increasing longevity. In 2007 people over 100 became the fastest-growing age group in the UK.
Steady privatisation from the 1980s onward of national industries such as coal, gas, steel, railways.
Growing equality for women particularly greater working opportunities and changed attitudes to their role in society. Women also gained more power over their lives thanks partly to better birth control methods and inventions that reduced time spent on housework.
Growth of popular culture including cinema, television, music, dancing, bingo.
Increased liberalisation of laws for example the legalisation of abortion and homosexuality in the 1960s.
Population growth and diversity Britain’s history is one of settlement from abroad, from the ancient Beaker people, Celts and Romans to the 20th century’s post-war immigrants, who have come from around the world, but are dominated by people from the Caribbean, Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe.
Population movement Between 1930 and 1980 emigration outstripped immigration as Britons in search of a better life left the UK to settle in America or Britain’s (ex)-colonies. This trend has now been reversed. Internally, too, there has been greater mobility of people. Britain’s largest cities experienced drops in population, as people moved to the suburbs and satellite towns. By the beginning of the 21st century there was a significant difference in wages between the north and south of the UK, as people moved south after the closure of the large northern industries.
Links with Europe On the wider stage, the period saw Britain joining the European Union, although the UK has retained its traditionally ambiguous attitude towards Europe. Conversely, its experiences of two world wars strengthened Britain’s belief in the ‘special relationship’ with the USA. World War II was the largest and most devastating war of the period for Britain. However, she has sent her troops to fight in several smaller conflicts since 1950 ( including Korea, Suez, Kuwait, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq) as well as in her colonies in Asia and Africa.
Towards independence: from 1966 the Bahamas had its own coins Decolonisation Britain’s extensive empire came to an end, sometimes involving armed conflict. Most of her former colonies joined her in a loose Commonwealth with the Queen at its head.
Questions to ask
How has Britain changed since 1930?
Has Britain changed for the better since 1930?
Outline history of Britain since 1930
The period divides nicely into decades, with each decade having its distinctive character.
1930s
Britain: the Depression, hunger marches by workers, 3 million Britons emigrated in search of a better life abroad. Wider world: rise of Hitler, persecution of Jews in Germany, rise of Fascism, Spanish Civil War.
1940s
Britain: fighting a world war; the Home Front, the Blitz, Churchill, evacuation of city children to the countryside. Post-war, the welfare state introduced. Wider world: World War II, dropping of the first atomic bombs. Post-war, the Iron Curtain dividing Eastern and Western Europe and the start of the Cold War; founding of Israel and beginning of the enduring conflict in the Middle East.
1950s Britain: slow recovery from the War. Festival of Britain. Queen Elizabeth II crowned. Immigration from the Caribbean. First motorway opens. Teenagers invented. Rock and roll. Start of decolonisation. Wider world: the Korean War and the Suez Crisis. Space age begins with launch of Sputnik.
1960s
Britain: rising prosperity (Macmillan: ‘You’ve never had it so good’). The Beatles phenomenon. England swings. Comprehensive education introduced. Abortion and homosexuality legalised. Asians from Commonwealth countries come to Britain, including those from Africa escaping persecution by leaders such as Uganda’s Idi Amin. Wider world: Global confrontation between communism and western liberalism/democracy (e.g. Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis). In China, Mao’s Cultural Revolution begins. Youth revolts all over the western world. Hippie counter-culture flourishes. First men land on the Moon.
1970s
Britain: Landmark Equal Pay Act advanced the cause of women’s equality. CND and Anti-Apartheid protests widespread. Punk rock. High taxation, economic weakness, crippling strikes. The Troubles in Northern Ireland begin. First test-tube baby born – in Oldham. Wider world: Britain joins European Community. End of Vietnam War.
1980s
Britain: Thatcherism. Cult of individualism. Privatisation of national industries, collapse of mining and large-scale manufacturing. Fragmentation of society. Wider world: 1989 collapse of communism in Russia, fall of Iron Curtain, spread of AIDS, invention of desktop computers and the internet.
1990s. Britain: Prosperity of the majority. Church of England ordains its first women priests. Eastern Europeans arrive in large numbers as their countries join the European Union. Wider world: Bosnian War between former Yugoslavian states. Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait - First Gulf War.
2000s
Britain: crisis of confidence about British society - concerns about debt, immigration, inner-city crime, obesity, drugs. Wider world: Al Quaida attacks American and other targets. Results in invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq by US, Britain and some other states.
Teaching Britain since 1930
This unit offers a variety of opportunities to combine history, local and community studies, citizenship and indeed, most other subjects. The era is the only one where oral history can be used: anyone over 77 (in 2007) has lived through the entire period, and will be a valuable source of information about it. Many older people are more than happy to come into school, bringing photographs and other items to show the children and to answer their questions (see Magdalen Road).
The unit also provides an excellent opportunity to celebrate the diversity and richness of British society, to hear the voices and histories of families and children who have settled in Britain since 1930.
This is a unit with more information available than for any other period – it is rich in still images, film, music, stories, documents and objects, so selection can be difficult.
There is also a danger of over-emphasising specific aspects, if the children do not understand how these aspects fit into the overall picture. One way to establish an overview is to split the unit into decades, divide the class into groups, and give each group a decade to research. They then present the key headlines, features and themes of their decade to the rest of the class. This approach presents the children with a real challenge - to select what is significant and what is characteristic.
Most local studies libraries will almost certainly have a good selection of resources about World War II, from photographs to war notices and posters, from newspapers to personal reminiscences. Contact your local authority, too, as many have produced packs of resources for teaching themes such as the Home Front. There is some very good children’s fiction that will enhance both literacy and history if the books are used as class readers. Books such as Goodnight Mr Tom, Carrie's War or The Silver Sword, for example, vividly depict the effect of the war on children and their families. For both history and personal and citizenship education, The Diary of Anne Frank is an unrivalled resource for understanding the Holocaust and the issues it raises for us as humans in society.